Borehole water must be tested for bacteria and heavy metals after installation. Treatment may involve chlorination for contamination or specialized filtration for high mineral content.

Sustainable water management involves rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling for non-potable use, and using drip irrigation on farms to maximize efficiency and secure long-term supply.

Concrete strength depends on clean, angular aggregates (crushed stone) and clean sand, free of clay and silt. Conduct a simple jar test on sand to verify quality before purchasing materials.

A Quantity Surveyor (QS) manages all financial aspects of construction: providing accurate BoQs, controlling costs, managing contracts, and ensuring the project delivers value for money.

Avoid construction delays by using phase-based ordering, placing bulk orders for long-lead-time items early, and verifying the quality of all materials immediately upon delivery to the site.

Strip footings are best for evenly loaded residential walls on moderate soil. Pad footings are essential for columns, heavy loads, or when deep excavation is needed to find stable ground.

Curing maintains moisture for concrete to gain strength through hydration. Cure concrete for a minimum of 7 days, ideally 14-28 days, by constantly keeping the surface damp (water curing) to prevent cracks and ensure durability.